4 respiratory systems
The respiratory system (also called respiratory system, ventilatory system) is a biological system in which organisms include specifications and structures used for the respiratory process. The respiratory system is involved in the consumption and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and environment.
Like humans, in the air-breathing spine, the respiratory system is in the respiratory organs called the lungs. To supply body with oxygen, the path of air in the lung is known as inhalation, and the path of air from the lungs to expose carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; This process is called collectively as breathing or ventilation. In humans and other mammals, the physical structure of the respiratory system includes trachea, bronchi, broncholine, lung, and diaphragm. Oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules are mutually exchanged by the dispersion between the outer atmosphere and blood of the gas. This exchange procedure occurs in the liver in the alveoli (air sac). [1]
Fish and many invertebrates, through respiratory alleys, are other animals, such as insects, breathing systems with very simple creative features, and also in amphibians, the skin plays an important role in gas exchange. Plants also have a respiratory system but the gas can be inversion against the direction of animals in exchange. In plants, the respiratory system also includes body structures, such as the hole on the lower part of the leaves, which is known as stamata.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that transmits blood to the cells for transmitting and transporting nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells. Allows to provide nutrition and support in fighting diseases, stabilizing temperature and pH in the body, and maintaining Study of blood flow to the hydro is known as the study of the properties of flow is called Hemodaynamics blood.
The circulatory system often involves two different systems: the cardiovascular system, which distributes blood, and the thalyphic system, which spread to the lymph. [1] For example, the lymphatic pathway is much longer than blood. [2] Blood is a fluid containing plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets that are circulated by the heart through cardiovascular nervous system, carrying oxygen and nutrients and waste material from all body tissues. Are there. Lymph has been filtered from interstitial fluid (between cells) and after the lymphatic system has returned it requires recycled extra blood plasma. The cardiovascular system (from the Latin word meaning "heart" and "vessel") includes blood, heart and blood vessels. [3] Lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vasicles form lymphatic system, which gives filtered blood plasma in the transit fluid (between the filters) as a lump.
While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a closed cardiovascular system (which means that blood is never excluding the network of arteries, nerves and capillaries), some invertebrates have an open cardiovascular system. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system that provides an accessory for additional inter-fluid reactions returned in the blood. [4] There is a lack of more primitive, diploblastic animal fillet incubatorial system.
6 lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and is an important part of the immune system, which consists of a network of lymphatic vessels, which would lead to a clear fluid called lymph (Latin, lympha meaning [1] i.e. directionally from the heart ) The lymphatic system was first described in the sixteenth century by Oloss Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin independently. Unlike cardiovascular systems, the lymphatic system is not a closed mechanism. Through the human circulatory system capillary filtration, 20 liters of blood per day is processed, which excludes blood cells and removes the plasma. Approximately 17 liters of filtered plasma is mixed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three liters live in interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymph system is to provide a surplus return path for blood for three liters of surplus. [2]
Other main functions have been protected in the immune system. Lymph is similar to blood plasma: it contains lymphocytes and other white blood cells. It includes waste products and cellular debris along with bacteria and proteins. Lymphoid Tissues are the sites of lymphocyte production to the associated organs. Lymphocytes are concentrated in lymph nodes. Tired and thiamus are also lymphoid organs of the immune system. Tonsils are lymphoid organs that are associated with digestive tract. Lymphoid tissue contains lymphocytes, and there are other types of cells for support. [3] The system contains all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes (lymphatic primary cellular component), including bone marrow and lymphoid tissue associated with digestive tract. [4]
The blood does not come into direct contact with the pancreatic cells and tissues in the body (in the case of injury due to the breakdown of one or more blood vessels), but the components of the blood are the initial fluid to get out of the microbescular exchange blood vessels, Comes in contact with parenchymal cells. Lymph is a fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the initial lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system. Lymph is then carried by internal compression of the lymphatic pathway with lymphatic vessel network or external compression of lymphatic vessels in the outer tissue forces (such as contraction of skeletal muscles) or in some animals with lymph. The organization of lymph nodes and drainage follows the organization in the external and internal areas of the body; Therefore, lymphatic drainage of the walls of the head, limbs and body cavity follows an outer path, and lymphatic drainage of chest, stomach and pelvic holes follows an inner path. [5] Eventually, lymph vessels are emptied in the lymphatic ducts, which drain along the internal throat nerves in one of two subclavian veins near their junction.
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7 nervous system
The nervous system is part of an animal's body that coordinates its voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits the various parts of the body and its signals. Nervous tissues were first born in about 600 to 600 million years in the incised organism. In vertebrate it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS has brain and spinal cord. PNS consists primarily of nerves, which are attached to long fibers or bundles of axons, which connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or abnormal nerves, whereas nerves that transmit information to the CNS from the body are called sensory or afferent. Most nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves. PNS is divided into a) physical and b) autonomic nervous system, and c) nervous system in the intestines. Autonomous nerve voluntary movement mediated autonomic nervous system is divided into recombinational and paracetamatic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in emergencies for emergence of energy, while the paraslimillatic nervous system is activated when the organisms are in a relaxed state. The intestinal nervous system acts to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomous and internal nervous system work spontaneously, the nerve frozen from the crusions are called cranial nerves, whereas those who are out of the spinal cord are called spinal cord.
At the cellular level, the nervous system is defined by the presence of a particular type of cell, called neuron, which is also known as "nerve cell". Neurons have special structures that send them fast and accurate signals to other cells. They pass these signals along with thin fibers called axon in the form of electrochemical waves, which are called chemicals called neurotransmitters on a junction called Synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic signal from the neuron may be excited, be violent, or otherwise may be a collector. Connections between neurons can also create neural circuits and neural networks, which create the concept of the world's organism and determine its behavior. Along with neurons, the nervous system is involved in other specialized cells called glial cells (or only gliates), which provide structural and metabolic support.
The nervous system is most commonly found in multicellular animals, but there is considerable variation in complexity. [1] Only multicellular animals have no nervous system, which are sponges, placazoids and mesosoids, which are very simple body plans. Semiotic organisms of the symmetric organisms include nerve nets spreading in ctenophores (comb jelly) and cinderean (which include anemones, hydros, coral and jellyfish). With the exception of some other types of insects, all other brains, one central nerve (or two strings running in parallel), and the nerve-releasing nerve from the brain and the central cord. The size of the nervous system comes from a few hundred cells in simple insects, up to 300 billion cells in African elephants. [2]
The central nervous system works to send signals from one cell to another, or from one part of the body to others and to get feedback. The malfunction of the nervous system may result from physical damage due to genetic defects, trauma or toxicity, infection or old age, the medical characteristics of neurology studies show for the disorder of the nervous system and those interventions that can prevent or cure them. Are there. In the peripheral nervous system, the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction, which can be due to various causes of multiple sclerosis and ameiothrofic lateral cancer such as diabetes neuropathy and dementilation disorder.
Is the area of neuroscience science that focuses on the study of the nervous system.
8 Endocrine systems
The endocrine system refers to the collection of glands of an organism, which directly hormones in the communication system reaching telecommunications systems. Major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, the pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, salivary glands, sweat glands, mammary glands, hypothalamus, the gastrointestinal tract andadrenal glands. The endocrine system is contrary to the exocrine system, which uses ducts to conceal their hormones outside the body. The endocrine system is an information signal system similar to the nervous system, yet its effects and mechanisms are classified differently. The effects of the endocrine system are slow to begin, and for a long time in their reaction, they last for a few hours to weeks. The nervous system sends information very quickly, and responses usually remain low in the spinal cord, the hypothalamus is the nerve control center for all endocrine systems. The field of study dealing with the endocrine system and its disorders is endocrinology, which is a branch of internal medicine. [1] The special characteristics of the endocrine glands, in general, their impotent nature, their vascular, and the presence of intracellular vacuoles or grenules in general, which store their hormones. In contrast, salivary glands, exocrine as glands within the sweat glands, and gastrointestinal tract glands, are much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen.
Aside from the above mentioned special endocrine organs, many other organs that are part of the body's other systems, such asbone, kidney, liver, heart and genitalia, are secondary endocrine functions. For example, kidneys keep the endocrine hormones secreted like arythropitin and renin. Can be hormones involved in amino acid complex, steroids, Ikosanoid, Lukotryans, or Prostraglandins. [1]
Many glands that signal each other in sequence are usually referred to as an axis, for example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-Adranl Axis.
Factors that such a relatively short distance paracrine considerable distance through other signaling molecules in the circulatory system as include paracrine factors signaling diffuse, as opposed to travel endocrine to.
The word endocrine is derived from the Greek word ἐνδο-endo- "inside, inside" and κρίνειν krinin "to separate, to distinguish"
9 urinary system
Urine system, also known as kidney system, contains kidneys, urine, bladder and urethra. There are millions of functional units in each kidney called nephron. The purpose of the kidney system is to eliminate waste from the body, control blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and blood pH. Extensive blood is supplied through the kidney's narrow arteries, which leave the kidney through the kidney vein. After blood and more processing, garbage (urine) in the urine of Urine, urinating from the kidneys, passing out of the kidneys, tubes made of smooth muscle fibers, where it is stored and later on with urine. Is voiced by the body. Female and male urinary systems are very similar, only the length of the urethra differs. [1]
Urine is formed in the kidney through filtration of blood, urine is then passed through the urine to the bladder, where it is stored. During urine, urine exits from the urethra outside the bladder outside the body.
800-2000 milliliters (ml) of urine are normally produced in a healthy human every day, this amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function.
10 reproduction system
The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organisms within an organism that works together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones and pheromones are important aids for reproduction system. [1] Contrary to most organ systems, there are often significant differences between sexes of differentiated species. These differences allow for the combination of genetic material among two individuals, which allows for the possibility of more genetic possibility of offspring.
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